{"id":107163,"date":"2023-06-30T10:51:02","date_gmt":"2023-06-30T10:51:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/haberulus.net\/?p=107163"},"modified":"2023-06-30T10:51:02","modified_gmt":"2023-06-30T10:51:02","slug":"hacettepeden-deprem-raporu-beton-dayanimi-el-ile-ufalanabilecek-kadar-dusuk","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/haberulus.net\/?p=107163","title":{"rendered":"Hacettepe\u2019den deprem raporu: Beton dayan\u0131m\u0131 el ile ufalanabilecek kadar d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck"},"content":{"rendered":"

Hacettepe \u00dcniversitesi \u0130n\u015faat M\u00fchendisli\u011fi B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, 6 \u015eubat\u2019ta meydana gelen Kahramanmara\u015f merkezli depremlerden etkilenen b\u00f6lgelerde inceleme yapt\u0131. \u0130nceleme sonucu haz\u0131rlanan 170 sayfal\u0131k raporda, b\u00f6lgedeki yap\u0131 stoku ile zemine ili\u015fkin sorunlar g\u00f6zler \u00f6n\u00fcne serildi.<\/p>\n

Raporun Hatay ile ilgili b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde; depremde kentte b\u00fcy\u00fck y\u0131k\u0131m meydana geldi\u011fi ve fazla say\u0131da betonarme binan\u0131n y\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirtildi. Y\u0131k\u0131lan binalar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funlukla \u015fehir merkezinde ve 4 katl\u0131 oldu\u011funa dikkat \u00e7ekilerek, \u015fu bilgilere yer verildi:<\/p>\n

* Enkazda yap\u0131lan incelemelerde binalar\u0131n el ile ufalanabilecek kadar d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck kalitede beton dayan\u0131m\u0131na sahip olduklar\u0131, d\u00fcz donat\u0131lar\u0131n s\u0131yr\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131 ve yetersiz s\u0131kl\u0131kta ve \u00e7apta kullan\u0131lan etriyeler aras\u0131nda burkulduklar\u0131 g\u00f6zlenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

* Ayr\u0131ca y\u0131k\u0131lan binalar\u0131n \u00e7evresinde benzer yap\u0131sal \u00f6zelliklerdeki binalar\u0131n kimi zaman yap\u0131sal hasars\u0131z olarak depremi atlatabildikleri g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bunun temel sebepleri aras\u0131nda g\u00f6rece olarak az hasar alm\u0131\u015f binalarda, yap\u0131sal kusurlar\u0131n azl\u0131\u011f\u0131, i\u015f\u00e7ilik ve yap\u0131m kalitesinin daha iyi olmas\u0131, tasar\u0131m gerekliliklerinin daha fazlas\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131sal sisteme eklenmi\u015f olmas\u0131 s\u0131ralanabilmektedir.<\/p>\n

G\u0130R\u0130\u015e\u0130 \u0130\u015e YER\u0130 OLAN B\u0130NALARDA \u2018YUMU\u015eAK KAT\u2019 SORUNU<\/strong><\/p>\n

Hatay\u2019da hasarl\u0131 binalar\u0131n d\u0131\u015ftan ilk incelenmesinde; g\u00f6ze \u00e7apan problemlerin yumu\u015fak kat d\u00fczensizli\u011fi ve a\u011f\u0131r \u00e7\u0131kmalar\u0131n oldu\u011funa dikkat \u00e7ekilerek, \u00f6zellikle giri\u015f katlar\u0131 i\u015f yeri olarak kullan\u0131lan bir\u00e7ok binada, bu durumun daha s\u0131k g\u00f6zlendi\u011fi belirtildi. Bu tip binalar\u0131n giri\u015f katlar\u0131nda kat y\u00fcksekliklerinin fazla olmas\u0131 ve d\u0131\u015f cephelerde dolgu duvar bulunmamas\u0131n\u0131n \u2018yumu\u015fak kat\u2019 olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan d\u00fczensizli\u011fin olu\u015fmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 kaydedildi. Ayr\u0131ca a\u011f\u0131r \u00e7\u0131kman\u0131n bulundu\u011fu kat ve \u00fczerindeki katlarda a\u011f\u0131r b\u00f6lme duvar hasarlar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6zlemlendi\u011fi, a\u011f\u0131r \u00e7\u0131kmalar\u0131n baz\u0131 binalarda lokal g\u00f6\u00e7melerin olu\u015fmas\u0131na sebep oldu\u011fu belirtildi.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de binalar\u0131n zemin katlar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fckkan, restoran gibi geni\u015f pencere a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131klar\u0131na sahip mekanlara ayr\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131na dikkat \u00e7ekilen raporda, \u201cBu mekanlarda kolon, perde ve b\u00f6lme duvar gibi elemanlar\u0131n miktar\u0131 \u00fcst katlara oranla az olmaktad\u0131r. Bu sebeple yap\u0131da zay\u0131f bir kat olu\u015ftu\u011fu, bu kat\u0131n \u00fczerine gelen yatay y\u00fck talebini kar\u015f\u0131layamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve y\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Zemin kat\u0131n y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131 sonucu yap\u0131larda b\u00fct\u00fcnc\u00fcl veya b\u00f6lgesel \u00e7\u00f6kmeler g\u00f6zlemlenmektedir\u201d ifadeleri kullan\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u2018G\u00dc\u00c7L\u00dc K\u0130R\u0130\u015e, ZAYIF KOLON YIKICI OLMU\u015eTUR\u2019<\/strong><\/p>\n

Raporun Ad\u0131yaman ile ilgili b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde ise y\u0131k\u0131lan binalar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn 1999 \u00f6ncesi yap\u0131lan eski yap\u0131 oldu\u011fu belirtildi. Normal betonarme binalarda \u2018zay\u0131f kiri\u015f-g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc kolon\u2019 tasar\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemine dikkat \u00e7ekilen raporda, \u201cBurada kolon, kiri\u015f ve d\u00f6\u015feme betonlar\u0131n\u0131n beraber d\u00f6k\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnecek olursak, kiri\u015f g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc oldu\u011fu eksende d\u00f6\u015femeyi de g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmektedir. \u00dcstelik baz\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck d\u00f6\u015feme a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ge\u00e7mek i\u00e7in d\u00f6\u015feme ve kiri\u015f derinlikleri art\u0131r\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bu \u015fekilde \u2018g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc kiri\u015f-zay\u0131f kolon\u2019 sorunu ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. Kahramanmara\u015f merkezli bu depremlerde, bu durumun y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 bir sorun oldu\u011fu g\u00f6zlenmi\u015ftir\u201d denildi.<\/p>\n

1999 DEPREM\u0130NDEN SONRA YASAKLANAN D\u00d6\u015eEMELER YAYGIN<\/strong><\/p>\n

Gaziantep\u2019te de Hatay\u2019da oldu\u011fu gibi y\u0131k\u0131lan binalar\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck kalitede beton dayan\u0131m\u0131na sahip oldu\u011fu, d\u00fcz donat\u0131lar\u0131n s\u0131yr\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131, kolonlar\u0131ndaki d\u00fcz donat\u0131n\u0131n oran\u0131n\u0131n yetersizli\u011fi, yetersiz s\u0131kl\u0131kta ve \u00e7apta kullan\u0131lan etriyeler sonucu kolonlar\u0131nda burkulmalar\u0131n g\u00f6zlemlendi\u011fi belirtildi.<\/p>\n

Kahramanmara\u015f\u2019\u0131n Pazarc\u0131k il\u00e7esindeki yap\u0131larda ise \u2018asmolen d\u00f6\u015feme\u2019 kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ok yayg\u0131n oldu\u011fu g\u00f6zlemlendi. Bu d\u00f6\u015femelerin, 1999 depreminde d\u00f6\u015feme dolgular\u0131 yuvalar\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p, daire i\u00e7indeki insanlar\u0131n \u00fczerlerine d\u00fc\u015fmesi nedeniyle \u00f6l\u00fcmlerine neden olmas\u0131 sonras\u0131nda yasakland\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirtildi. Raporda; depremden etkilenen di\u011fer illerde yap\u0131lan incelemelerde de benzer sorunlara rastland\u0131\u011f\u0131 vurguland\u0131.<\/p>\n

Ayr\u0131ca inceleme yap\u0131lan t\u00fcm b\u00f6lgelerde s\u0131v\u0131la\u015fma kaynakl\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6kmeler ve yap\u0131sal hasarlara rastland\u0131\u011f\u0131 kaydedildi.<\/p>\n

\u2018HER YAPININ D\u0130J\u0130TAL \u0130K\u0130Z\u0130 OLSUN\u2019<\/strong><\/p>\n

Raporun \u00f6neriler b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde yap\u0131 denetim sistemine yeni bir bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 getirilmesi gerekti\u011fine dikkat \u00e7ekilerek, yap\u0131 denetim sisteminde her bina i\u00e7in bir dok\u00fcmantasyon tutulmas\u0131 ve bu dok\u00fcmantasyonda bina in\u015faat\u0131n\u0131n her a\u015famas\u0131ndaki ilerlemenin foto\u011fraf ve videolarla belgelenip, toplanan verilerin yap\u0131ya ait dijital ikizin olu\u015fturulmas\u0131 a\u015famas\u0131nda kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi belirtildi. Bu dijital ikizin bir bulut hesab\u0131nda tutulmas\u0131 ve yap\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6mr\u00fc boyunca yap\u0131lacak de\u011fi\u015fiklikler veya g\u00f6zlemlerin buraya eklenmesi gerekti\u011fi bildirildi.<\/p>\n

Yine sahada yap\u0131lan g\u00f6zlemlerde, zemin etkisinin \u00f6zellikle binalar\u0131n deprem s\u0131ras\u0131ndaki performanslar\u0131 \u00fczerinde olduk\u00e7a y\u00fcksek oldu\u011funa dikkat \u00e7ekilerek, \u201cBu durum gerek yerle\u015fim yerlerinin se\u00e7ilmesi gerekse de yap\u0131 temellerinin tasar\u0131m\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 zemin et\u00fcd\u00fc yap\u0131lmas\u0131 ve zemin etkilerinin (\u00f6rne\u011fin olas\u0131 s\u0131v\u0131la\u015fabilir tabakalar\u0131n) mutlaka g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131nmas\u0131 gereklili\u011fini bir kez daha a\u00e7\u0131k bir \u015fekilde g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir\u201d denildi.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\u2018M\u00dcTEAHH\u0130TL\u0130K, BELL\u0130 E\u011e\u0130T\u0130M ALMI\u015e K\u0130\u015e\u0130LERCE YAPILMALI\u2019<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ayr\u0131ca 4708 say\u0131l\u0131 Yap\u0131 Denetim Kanunu gere\u011fi, denetim firmalar\u0131n\u0131n \u015fantiye \u015fefinin sahada haz\u0131r olarak bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 durumda kesinlikle beton d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fcne izin vermemesi gerekti\u011fi vurgulanarak, \u015fu ifadelere yer verildi:<\/p>\n

* Betonun i\u015fleni\u015finin kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 amac\u0131yla usta veya i\u015f\u00e7ilerin betona su katmalar\u0131na izin verilmemelidir. \u0130lgili kanunda bunun gibi \u00f6nleyici cezai yapt\u0131r\u0131mlar getirilmelidir.<\/p>\n

* Binan\u0131n sondaj ve temel kaz\u0131lar\u0131 a\u015famas\u0131nda y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen her \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma kontrol edilmeli ve kay\u0131t alt\u0131na al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r. Yap\u0131 denetim sisteminden sonra bina teslimi a\u015famas\u0131nda binan\u0131n rastgele bir kat\u0131ndan, rastgele bir ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131 eleman\u0131ndan donat\u0131 s\u0131y\u0131rmas\u0131 yap\u0131l\u0131p gerekli detayland\u0131rman\u0131n yap\u0131l\u0131p yap\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kontrol edilmelidir.<\/p>\n

* E\u011fer \u015fartnamelerle \u00e7eli\u015fen bir konu varsa; bu konunun giderilmesi i\u00e7in cezai yapt\u0131r\u0131m uygulanmal\u0131 ve belirtilen s\u00fcrede bu eksiklik giderilemiyorsa binan\u0131n ruhsat\u0131 iptal edilip y\u0131k\u0131m\u0131na dair karar verilmelidir.<\/p>\n

* Eksiklik bulunan binada g\u00f6revli yap\u0131 denetim sorumlusu, m\u00fchendisler ve m\u00fcteahhit hakk\u0131nda cezai i\u015flem uygulanmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

* M\u00fcteahhitlik m\u00fcessesi art\u0131k bir meslek olarak ilan edilmeli ve ancak belli e\u011fitimleri tamamlam\u0131\u015f veya diplomalara sahip ki\u015filer taraf\u0131ndan icra edilmelidir.\u00a0 (DHA)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Hacettepe \u00dcniversitesi’nin 6 \u015eubat’ta meydana gelen Kahramanmara\u015f merkezli depremlerden etkilenen illerde yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 inceleme, b\u00f6lgedeki yap\u0131 stoku sorununu g\u00f6zler \u00f6n\u00fcne serdi. Raporda, Hatay’da yap\u0131lan incelemelerde y\u0131k\u0131lan binalar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funun 4 katl\u0131 oldu\u011fu, el ile ufalanabilecek kadar d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck kalitede beton dayan\u0131m\u0131na sahip olduklar\u0131, d\u00fcz donat\u0131lar\u0131n (demir) s\u0131yr\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirtildi.\u00a0<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":107164,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[26],"tags":[474,10589,318,2325,669],"class_list":["post-107163","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-gundem","tag-bina","tag-binalarin","tag-goz","tag-kat","tag-yapi"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/haberulus.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/107163","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/haberulus.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/haberulus.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/haberulus.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/haberulus.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=107163"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/haberulus.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/107163\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":107165,"href":"https:\/\/haberulus.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/107163\/revisions\/107165"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/haberulus.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/107164"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/haberulus.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=107163"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/haberulus.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=107163"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/haberulus.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=107163"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}