{"id":31907,"date":"2022-08-27T08:51:05","date_gmt":"2022-08-27T08:51:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/haberulus.net\/?p=31907"},"modified":"2022-08-27T08:51:05","modified_gmt":"2022-08-27T08:51:05","slug":"avrupa-enerji-krizinde-kaya-gazina-yonelebilir","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/haberulus.net\/?p=31907","title":{"rendered":"Avrupa enerji krizinde kaya gaz\u0131na y\u00f6nelebilir"},"content":{"rendered":"

Rusya-Ukrayna sava\u015f\u0131 sonras\u0131 ya\u015fanan enerji krizi, Avrupa’n\u0131n \u00e7evreci yakla\u015f\u0131mlar yerine enerji arz\u0131 ve g\u00fcvenli\u011fini \u00f6nceleyen alternatifleri de\u011ferlendirmesine yol a\u00e7\u0131yor. K\u00f6m\u00fcr ve n\u00fckleere y\u00f6nelik yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fen Avrupa’n\u0131n kaya gaz\u0131na yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n da devam eden enerji krizi nedeniyle de\u011fi\u015fmesi g\u00fcndemde.<\/b><\/p>\n

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Avrupa\u2019da ya\u015fanan enerji krizi, k\u00f6m\u00fcr ve n\u00fckleer enerjide oldu\u011fu gibi ge\u00e7mi\u015fte \u00e7evrecilerin tepkileri nedeniyle rafa kald\u0131r\u0131lan kaya gaz\u0131 \u00fcretimine de ye\u015fil \u0131\u015f\u0131k yak\u0131lmas\u0131na neden olabilir.<\/p>\n

Avrupa Birli\u011fi (AB) \u00fclkeleri, uzun y\u0131llar enerji arz g\u00fcvenli\u011fi yerine iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fine kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7evreci d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm odakl\u0131 politikalara y\u00f6neldi. Rusya-Ukrayna sava\u015f\u0131 sonras\u0131 ya\u015fanan enerji krizi ise Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n enerji stratejisinde, \u00e7evreci yakla\u015f\u0131mlar yerine enerji arz\u0131 ve g\u00fcvenli\u011fini \u00f6nceleyen alternatifleri de\u011ferlendirmesine ve farkl\u0131 tercihlerde bulunmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7t\u0131.<\/p>\n

K\u00d6M\u00dcRDEN \u00c7IKI\u015e DURDU<\/strong><\/p>\n

Avrupa \u00fclkeleri son 30 y\u0131lda \u00f6zellikle iklim duyarl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ve \u00e7evre hassasiyetinin y\u00fckselmesinin etkisiyle k\u00f6m\u00fcr kaynaklar\u0131ndan vazge\u00e7me planlar\u0131 ve programlar\u0131n\u0131 devreye alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Pek \u00e7ok AB \u00fcyesi \u00fclke, uzun y\u0131llar enerji arz g\u00fcvenli\u011fine katk\u0131 sa\u011flayan ve uygun maliyetle faaliyet g\u00f6steren k\u00f6m\u00fcr madenlerini ve santrallerini kapatmaya veya bunlardan \u00fcretimi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmeye y\u00f6neldi.<\/p>\n

AB\u2019de 1990 y\u0131l\u0131nda elektrik \u00fcretimin y\u00fczde 40\u2019\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan termik santrallerin pay\u0131 her y\u0131l azald\u0131 ve k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcn pay\u0131 2020\u2019de y\u00fczde 13\u2019e kadar geriledi.<\/p>\n

Ancak Covid-19 salg\u0131n\u0131 sonras\u0131ndaki ekonomik canlanma, Rusya ile ili\u015fkilerdeki gerilim ve alternatif enerji kaynaklar\u0131nda ya\u015fanan s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar k\u00f6m\u00fcre ilgiyi yeniden art\u0131rd\u0131. K\u00f6m\u00fcrden elektrik \u00fcretimi 2021 y\u0131l\u0131nda y\u00fczde 15\u2019e kadar \u00e7\u0131karken bu durum \u00f6zellikle sava\u015fla birlikte daha da h\u0131zland\u0131. Bu y\u0131l AB \u00fclkelerinin elektrik \u00fcretiminde k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcn pay\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fczde 20\u2019ye ula\u015fmas\u0131 bekleniyor.<\/p>\n

Ba\u015fta Almanya, Fransa, \u0130ngiltere, Avusturya gibi Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6nc\u00fc \u00fclkeleri Rusya\u2019dan do\u011fal gaz tedarikinde olas\u0131 bir kesintiye kar\u015f\u0131 k\u00f6m\u00fcr planlar\u0131 haz\u0131rlad\u0131. Bu \u00fclkeler, k\u00f6m\u00fcr santrallerini tekrar a\u00e7maya veya kapanmas\u0131 planlanan santrallerin faaliyet s\u00fcrelerini uzatmaya y\u00f6neldi.<\/p>\n

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N\u00dcKLEER SANTRALLER\u0130N D\u00d6N\u00dc\u015e\u00dc<\/strong><\/p>\n

Enerji arz krizi, n\u00fckleer enerjiden \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f plan ve programlar\u0131nda da de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fe neden oldu.<\/p>\n

Avrupa \u00fclkeleri, Japonya\u2019daki Fuku\u015fima n\u00fckleer santralinde 2011\u2019de ya\u015fanan s\u0131z\u0131nt\u0131 sonras\u0131nda n\u00fckleer santrallerin g\u00fcvenli\u011fi konusunda kayg\u0131lanmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu d\u00f6nemde k\u00fcresel piyasalarda ba\u015fta petrol, do\u011fal gaz ve k\u00f6m\u00fcr gibi fosil yak\u0131t fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131n makul seviyelerde seyretmesi, Avrupa\u2019da \u00e7evreci kamuoyu bask\u0131s\u0131 ve yenilenebilir enerji yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n makul fiyatlara inmesi n\u00fckleer santrallerden \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f s\u00fcrecini ba\u015flatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

Enerji krizi \u00f6zellikle Avrupa\u2019da pek \u00e7ok \u00fclkenin n\u00fckleer enerjiye olan yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirdi. Fransa, 2050\u2019ye kadar 14 yeni n\u00fckleer reakt\u00f6r kurma ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck mod\u00fcler reakt\u00f6r (SMR) teknolojilerine yat\u0131r\u0131m yapma plan\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131. \u0130ngiltere\u2019de h\u00fck\u00fbmet, \u00fclkenin g\u00fcneydo\u011fusunda in\u015fa edilmesi planlanan Sizewell C n\u00fckleer santraline onay verdi.<\/p>\n

Almanya, 3 n\u00fckleer santralin faaliyet s\u00fcrelerini uzatma \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na ba\u015flad\u0131. Bel\u00e7ika, daha \u00f6nce kapat\u0131lmas\u0131 planlanan 2 n\u00fckleer g\u00fc\u00e7 santralinin faaliyet s\u00fcresini 10 y\u0131l uzatt\u0131. Hollanda, 2 yeni n\u00fckleer reakt\u00f6r yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 planlamaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Polonya da n\u00fckleer yat\u0131r\u0131mlar i\u00e7in \u00f6n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalara y\u00f6neldi.<\/p>\n

Rusya-Ukrayna sava\u015f\u0131, enerjide zor durumda olan AB \u00fclkelerini iyice k\u00f6\u015feye s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131yor. Avrupa \u00fclkeleri, h\u0131zla \u00e7ok y\u00fcksek seviyelere t\u0131rmanan enerji faturalar\u0131yla m\u00fccadele ve enerji arz g\u00fcvenli\u011fi i\u00e7in her se\u00e7ene\u011fi de\u011ferlendiriyor ve ge\u00e7mi\u015fte yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 tercihleri de sorguluyor.<\/p>\n

KAYA GAZI SE\u00c7ENE\u011e\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bu noktada, Avrupa \u00fclkelerinin k\u00f6m\u00fcr ve n\u00fckleere y\u00f6nelik yakla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 ve programlar\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirmesi, kaya gaz\u0131 konusunda da benzer bir ihtimali do\u011furdu. \u00d6zellikle ABD\u2019nin kaya gaz\u0131 devrimiyle hem petrol hem de gazda kendi kendine yeten bir \u00fclke olmakla birlikte bu \u00fcr\u00fcnleri ihra\u00e7 etmeye ba\u015flamas\u0131 Avrupa\u2019da da yak\u0131ndan takip ediliyor.<\/p>\n

Son d\u00f6nemde do\u011fal gaz fiyatlar\u0131ndaki h\u0131zl\u0131 y\u00fckseli\u015f, kaya gaz\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131 alan\u0131ndaki teknolojik ilerleme ve bu gaz\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lma maliyetinin, ba\u015fka \u00fclkelerden tedarik edilmesinden daha makul seviyelere inmesi bu kayna\u011fa ilgiyi art\u0131r\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

Mevcut durumda Avrupa\u2019da kaya gaz\u0131 \u00fcretimi yap\u0131lm\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

Konuyla ilgili AA muhabirine de\u011ferlendirmelerde bulunan AB Komisyonu S\u00f6zc\u00fcs\u00fc Tim McPhie, \u00fcye \u00fclkelerin kaya gaz\u0131 kullan\u0131m\u0131na y\u00f6nelik bir yasak olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtti. \u201cAB anla\u015fmalar\u0131na g\u00f6re, \u00fcye \u00fclkeler kaya gaz\u0131 da dahil olmak \u00fczere enerji kaynaklar\u0131 tercihlerinde \u00f6zg\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u201d ifadesini kullanan McPhie, \u00fclkelerinin kaya gaz\u0131 kullan\u0131m\u0131na karar vermesi halinde ilgili AB mevzuat\u0131n\u0131 uygulamas\u0131 gerekti\u011fine dikkati \u00e7ekti.<\/p>\n

Br\u00fcksel merkezli d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce kurulu\u015fu Avrupa Politika Merkezi (EPC) Enerji Uzman\u0131 Simon Dekeyrel de \u201cKaya gaz\u0131, baz\u0131 Avrupa \u00fclkelerinin siyasi g\u00fcndeminde a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a yeniden ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u201d dedi. Dekeyrel, \u0130ngiltere\u2019de her iki ba\u015fbakan aday\u0131n\u0131n da \u00fclkede kaya gaz\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na destek verdi\u011fine i\u015faret etti.<\/p>\n

Avrupa\u2019da 2010\u2019lar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda kaya gaz\u0131 faaliyetleri engelleyen yap\u0131sal k\u0131s\u0131tlamalar\u0131n halen devam etti\u011fine dikkati \u00e7eken Dekeyrel, bunlar\u0131n h\u00fck\u00fcmetleri mevcut krize kar\u015f\u0131 yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 h\u0131zland\u0131rmak ve enerji verimlili\u011fini art\u0131rmak gibi di\u011fer \u00f6nlemlere y\u00f6nlendirmesini bekledi\u011fini bildirdi. Dekeyrel, kaya gaz\u0131 konusunda Avrupa\u2019da ABD\u2019ye k\u0131yasla daha elveri\u015fsiz bir jeolojik yap\u0131, daha y\u00fcksek n\u00fcfus yo\u011funlu\u011fu, kat\u0131 d\u00fczenleyici \u00e7er\u00e7eveler, muhalefet ve kuvvetli \u00e7evreci gruplar\u0131n bulundu\u011funu belirterek bunlar\u0131n Avrupa\u2019da kaya gaz\u0131 devrimini engelledi\u011fini aktard\u0131.<\/p>\n

Kaya gaz\u0131 ile ilgili \u00e7evresel kayg\u0131lar\u0131n halen devam etti\u011fini s\u00f6yleyen Dekeyrel, \u201cAvrupa\u2019daki enerji krizi yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131k\u00e7a, k\u0131sa vadeli arz g\u00fcvenli\u011finin bu \u00e7evresel kayg\u0131lar\u0131 geride b\u0131rakmas\u0131 olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00fcksektir\u201d diye konu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n

KAYA GAZI \u00c7ALI\u015eMALARI ARTTI<\/strong><\/p>\n

Avrupa \u00fclkeleri de son 10 y\u0131lda kaya gaz\u0131na y\u00f6nelik \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalara odakland\u0131. ABD Enerji Enformasyon \u0130daresi (EIA) verilerinin yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 AB raporlar\u0131nda, Avrupa\u2019da teknik olarak \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olan kaya gaz\u0131 rezervinin yakla\u015f\u0131k 13,3 trilyon metrek\u00fcp oldu\u011fu tespit edildi.<\/p>\n

En b\u00fcy\u00fck rezervlerin 4,2 trilyon metrek\u00fcple Polonya\u2019da, 3,9 trilyon metrek\u00fcple Fransa\u2019da ve 1,4 trilyon metrek\u00fcple Romanya\u2019da, 900 milyar metrek\u00fcple Danimarka\u2019da, 700 milyar metrek\u00fcple \u0130ngiltere ve Hollanda\u2019da, 500 milyar metrek\u00fcple Almanya ve Bulgaristan\u2019da oldu\u011fu \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n

Avrupa \u00fclkelerinde mevcut durumda kaya gaz\u0131 konusunda \u00e7ok olumsuz bir kamuoyu alg\u0131s\u0131 mevcut. Kaya gaz\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karmak i\u00e7in y\u00fcksek bas\u0131n\u00e7 alt\u0131nda \u00e7ok miktarda suyun, kum ve kimyasallarla kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131larak yer al\u0131na verilmesi gerekiyor. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7 ve ortaya \u00e7\u0131karaca\u011f\u0131 riskler \u00f6zellikle \u00e7evreciler taraf\u0131ndan sert bir dille ele\u015ftiriliyor.<\/p>\n

Avrupa\u2019da, kaya gaz\u0131 rezervlerinin belirlendi\u011fi b\u00f6lgelerde n\u00fcfus yo\u011funlu\u011funun y\u00fcksek olmas\u0131 ve verimli tar\u0131m arazileri bulunmas\u0131 bir ba\u015fka sorunu ortaya koyuyor. Kaya gaz\u0131 konusunda bir ad\u0131m at\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda b\u00f6lge halklar\u0131 buna kar\u015f\u0131 \u015fiddetli protestolar d\u00fczenliyor ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 engelliyor.<\/p>\n

\u00c7evreye zararl\u0131 sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 oldu\u011fu gerek\u00e7esiyle kaya gaz\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karmayan Avrupa \u00fclkeleri, ABD\u2019nin ayn\u0131 y\u00f6ntemi kullanarak \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 kaynaklar\u0131 almaktan ise \u00e7ekinmiyor. ABD\u2019nin son d\u00f6nemde AB \u00fclkelerine ihra\u00e7 etti\u011fi s\u0131v\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f do\u011fal gaz (LNG) \u00fclkedeki kaya gaz\u0131 kaynaklar\u0131ndan sa\u011flan\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

Ukrayna\u2019daki sava\u015f\u0131n s\u00fcrmesi, enerji fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131n uzun s\u00fcre y\u00fcksek seviyelerde kalmas\u0131 ve enerji arz g\u00fcvenli\u011findeki sorunlar\u0131n devam etmesi halinde Avrupa\u2019da kamuoyunun ve yetkililerin kaya gaz\u0131na olan yakla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n da yumu\u015fatma ihtimali g\u00fc\u00e7 kazan\u0131yor. (AA)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Rusya-Ukrayna sava\u015f\u0131 sonras\u0131 ya\u015fanan enerji krizi, Avrupa’n\u0131n \u00e7evreci yakla\u015f\u0131mlar yerine enerji arz\u0131 ve g\u00fcvenli\u011fini \u00f6nceleyen alternatifleri …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":31908,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[24],"tags":[3711,728,804,2161,160],"class_list":["post-31907","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-dunya","tag-avrupada","tag-enerji","tag-komur","tag-nukleer","tag-ulke"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/haberulus.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/31907","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/haberulus.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/haberulus.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/haberulus.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/haberulus.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=31907"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/haberulus.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/31907\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":31909,"href":"https:\/\/haberulus.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/31907\/revisions\/31909"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/haberulus.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/31908"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/haberulus.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=31907"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/haberulus.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=31907"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/haberulus.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=31907"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}