{"id":34051,"date":"2022-08-31T10:36:05","date_gmt":"2022-08-31T10:36:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/haberulus.net\/?p=34051"},"modified":"2022-08-31T10:36:05","modified_gmt":"2022-08-31T10:36:05","slug":"tarihi-degistiren-lider-mihail-gorbacov","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/haberulus.net\/?p=34051","title":{"rendered":"Tarihi de\u011fi\u015ftiren lider: Mihail Gorba\u00e7ov"},"content":{"rendered":"

Ruslar\u0131n, ‘Bat\u0131 konusunda romantik tutuma sahip olmakla su\u00e7lad\u0131\u011f\u0131’ baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n hain hatta saf buldu\u011fu ancak tarihi de\u011fi\u015ftiren isim Mihail Gorba\u00e7ov, Rusya\u2019n\u0131n ba\u015fkenti Moskova\u2019daki tedavi g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc hastanede 91 ya\u015f\u0131nda hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetti. So\u011fuk Sava\u015f’\u0131 bitiren lider olarak tarihe ad\u0131n\u0131 yazd\u0131ran Gorba\u00e7ov 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n en etkili siyaset\u00e7ilerinden birisi olarak \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor… \u0130\u015fte SSCB’nin y\u0131k\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan, T\u00fcrkiye ile ili\u015fkilerine Mihail Gorba\u00e7ov…. <\/b><\/p>\n

Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyetler Birli\u011fi’nin (SSCB) son devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131 Mihail Gorba\u00e7ov, Rusya’n\u0131n ba\u015fkenti Moskova’daki tedavi g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc hastanede ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 yitirdi.<\/p>\n

Tarihi de\u011fi\u015ftiren adam olarak da an\u0131lan Gorba\u00e7ov \u00f6zellikle Bat\u0131\u2019da bar\u0131\u015f\u0131n savunucu olarak an\u0131l\u0131rken, kendi \u00fclkesinde pek de ayn\u0131 muameleyi g\u00f6rmedi. Gorba\u00e7ov, Rusya\u2019da hor g\u00f6r\u00fclen bir lider olurken, pek \u00e7ok ki\u015fi onu \u00fclkeleri par\u00e7alamakla su\u00e7lad\u0131. Baz\u0131 Ruslar ona \u2018hain\u2019 derken baz\u0131lar\u0131 sadece \u2018saf\u2019 hatta \u2018aptal\u2019 oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc. Ancak bug\u00fcn bile pek \u00e7ok ki\u015fi Gorba\u00e7ov direnebilse ve ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olsa \u00fclkesinin \u015fu anki durumunu merak edeceklerini s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n

Asl\u0131nda 1985 y\u0131l\u0131nda Gorba\u00e7ov, SSCB Kom\u00fcnist Partisi\u2019nin ba\u015f\u0131na ge\u00e7ti\u011finde yeni iki terimi de beraberinde getirdi. \u201cGlasnost\u201d Yani \u201c\u015eeffafl\u0131k\u2026\u201d \u201cPerestroika\u201d\u2026Yani \u201cYeniden yap\u0131lanma\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Gorba\u00e7ov ve Turgut \u00d6zal \/ 1991<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

PARLAYAN VE S\u00d6NEN \u0130K\u0130 S\u00d6Z\u2026<\/strong><\/p>\n

Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nin sekizinci ve son lideri olan Mihail Gorba\u00e7ov, devleti reforme etmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ancak Sovyetler Birli\u011fi, Gorba\u00e7ov\u2019un reform yapma \u00e7abalar\u0131 sonras\u0131 ba\u015flayan siyasi, ekonomik ve etnik par\u00e7alanman\u0131n sonucu olarak da\u011f\u0131ld\u0131. Yani bu iki muhte\u015fem ve ak\u0131lda kalan s\u00f6z pek de i\u015fe yaramam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc SSCB\u2019de di\u011fer \u00fclkelerin piyasa ekonomilerine kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k devlet g\u00fcd\u00fcml\u00fc ekonomi politikalar\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcl\u00fcyordu. Al\u0131nan ekmekten, ayakkab\u0131ya, i\u00e7ecekten, otomobillere kadar her \u015feyin paras\u0131n\u0131 devlet belirtiliyordu. Her bir vatanda\u015f\u0131n bu \u00fcr\u00fcnlere ne kadar ihtiyac\u0131 oldu\u011funu, \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin fiyat\u0131n\u0131 ve insanlar\u0131n ne kadar \u00f6demesi gerekti\u011fine de yine devlet karar veriyordu.<\/p>\n

So\u011fuk Sava\u015f d\u00f6neminde \u00f6zellikle uzay yar\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve ABD ile girilen silah rekabeti, ekonomiyi daha da k\u00f6t\u00fcle\u015ftirince Gorba\u00e7ov, umutsuzca reform s\u00fcrecinin kontrol\u00fcn\u00fc elinde tutmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yordu. Ancak ekonomik krizin derinli\u011fini hafife alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Ronald Reagan- Mihail Gorba\u00e7ov<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

TAR\u0130H\u0130 DE\u011e\u0130\u015eT\u0130REN TEKL\u0130F<\/strong><\/p>\n

Gorba\u00e7ov, ekonomide yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 reformlar nedeniyle ele\u015ftirilse de d\u0131\u015f politikadaki tutumu a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyordu. \u00d6yle ki, eski \u0130ngiltere Ba\u015fbakan\u0131 Margaret Thatcher, onu \u201ci\u015f yap\u0131labilecek bir adam\u201d olarak nitelendirdi. 1986\u2019da \u0130zlanda\u2019n\u0131n Reykjavik kentindeki bir zirvede Amerikan Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Ronald Reagan ile bir araya geldi. Gorba\u00e7ov, burada Reagan\u2019a tarihi de\u011fi\u015ftiren teklifi yapt\u0131. Birle\u015fik Devletler ve Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nin sahip oldu\u011fu t\u00fcm uzun menzilli f\u00fczelerin ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 istedi. Bu, So\u011fuk Sava\u015f\u2019\u0131n sonunun ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 olacakt\u0131\u2026<\/p>\n

\u201cGlasnost\u201d yani \u201c\u015eeffafl\u0131k\u201d reformunun ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 1980\u2019li y\u0131llar\u0131n sonuna gelindi\u011finde Balt\u0131k \u00fclkeleri ve SSCB i\u00e7inde \u2018ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k\u2019 seslerinin \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na neden oldu. 1988\u2019de Estonya, egemenli\u011fini ilan eden ilk Sovyet cumhuriyetiydi ancak Ocak 1991\u2019de Moskova, ayaklanmay\u0131 bast\u0131rmak i\u00e7in m\u00fcdahalede bulundu. Burada g\u00f6stericilerin \u00fczerine ate\u015f a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

SSCB\u2019YE \u00d6L\u00dcMC\u00dcL DARBE<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bu giri\u015fimin ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z olmas\u0131ndan sonra ayaklanan bir di\u011fer \u00fclke Litvanya, 11 Mart 1990 tarihli yasa ile ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ilan etti ve SSCB\u2019den resmen ayr\u0131lan ilk \u00fclke oldu. Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nin sekizinci ve son lideri olan Mihail Gorba\u00e7ov\u2019un sa\u011fl\u0131k sorunlar\u0131 ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve bu y\u00fczden birli\u011fi y\u00f6netemeyece\u011finin anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131, 19 A\u011fustos 1991\u2019de SSCB\u2019nin \u00f6l\u00fcmc\u00fcl darbe almas\u0131na neden oldu.<\/p>\n

91 y\u0131l\u0131nda SSCB i\u00e7erisindeki devletlerin arka arkaya ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k ilanlar\u0131 Gorba\u00e7ov\u2019u zora soktu. So\u011fuk Sava\u015f\u0131 bitirerek bir kahramana d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc belki ama \u00fclkesinde hem insiyatifini yeterince kullanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnen reform yanl\u0131lar\u0131 hem de fazla ileri gitti\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnen muhafazakarlar taraf\u0131ndan ele\u015ftiriliyordu. Muhafazakarlar da A\u011fustos 1991\u2019de Gorba\u00e7ov\u2019u iktidardan indirmek i\u00e7in ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z bir darbe giri\u015fiminde bulundu.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

ORAK VE \u00c7EK\u0130\u00c7\u0130N SONU\u2026\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ayn\u0131 anda sa\u011fl\u0131k sorunlar\u0131yla da bo\u011fu\u015fan lider, 11 cumhuriyetin daha ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k talebi \u00fczerine \u00f6nce Kom\u00fcnist Parti lideri olarak emekli olmak zorunda kald\u0131. Ard\u0131ndan ba\u015fkanl\u0131k g\u00f6revinden istifa etti.<\/p>\n

SSCB\u2019nin orak ve \u00e7eki\u00e7 semboll\u00fc k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 bayra\u011f\u0131 indirildi.<\/p>\n

Ba\u015fkan Gorba\u00e7ov\u2019un istifa etmesinden ve Sovyet bayra\u011f\u0131n\u0131n yerine Rus bayra\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ekilmesinden bir g\u00fcn sonra 26 Aral\u0131k 1991\u2019de SSCB resmen feshedildi.<\/p>\n

Sonraki g\u00fcnlerde SSCB b\u00fcnyesindeki 15 cumhuriyet daha ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131.<\/p>\n

O d\u00f6nemde herkesin a\u011fz\u0131ndaki isim, g\u00fcn\u00fcn adam\u0131 Boris Yeltsin\u2019di. Rusya Kom\u00fcnist Partisi\u2019nin karizmatik eski lideri Bay Yeltsin, Bay Gorba\u00e7ov\u2019un yerini alarak Rusya ad\u0131nda yeni, kaotik, \u015fiddet i\u00e7eren, fakir ama demokratik bir ulusun ilk ba\u015fkan\u0131 olmu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n

P\u0130ZZA HUT REKLAMINDA B\u0130R RUS L\u0130DER\u2026\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Ancak Gorba\u00e7ov, yine de \u00fclkesinde siyasi bir fig\u00fcr olarak pop\u00fclaritesini hi\u00e7 kaybetmedi. 1998 y\u0131l\u0131nda bir Pizza Hut reklam\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nin son liderinin torunuyla birlikte K\u0131z\u0131l Meydan yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda yeni a\u00e7\u0131lan Amerikan fast-food restoran\u0131ndaki g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleri uzun zaman konu\u015fuldu.<\/p>\n

Rusya Federasyonu’nun kurulu\u015fundan sonra da aktif siyasete devam eden Gorba\u00e7ov, 1996 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki devlet ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 se\u00e7imlerine kat\u0131ld\u0131. 10 aday\u0131n yar\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 se\u00e7imlerde ancak 7’nci olabilen Gorba\u00e7ov, 2001’de Rusya Birle\u015fik Sosyal Demokrat Partisi’ni kurdu. 2004 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar parti ba\u015fkanl\u0131k g\u00f6revini s\u00fcrd\u00fcren Gorba\u00e7ov daha sonra siyasi partinin \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesinde de g\u00f6rev ald\u0131.<\/p>\n

T\u00dcRK\u0130YE \u0130LE YAKIN \u0130L\u0130\u015eK\u0130LER<\/strong><\/p>\n

Gorba\u00e7ov, s\u0131k s\u0131k T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ziyaretler ve T\u00fcrk liderlerle bulu\u015fmalar\u0131yla da g\u00fcndeme geldi. Gorba\u00e7ov, S\u00fcleyman Demirel ve Turgut \u00d6zal\u2019\u0131n liderlikleri d\u00f6neminde s\u0131k s\u0131k T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye seyahatlerde bulundu.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Gorba\u00e7ov\u2019un ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 ve karar\u0131, Rusya Devlet Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Vladimir Putin i\u00e7in de olduk\u00e7a \u00f6\u011freticiydi. Putin, g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir milliyet\u00e7i ideolojinin \u00f6zellikle tamamen \u015feffaf ve demokratik olmayan bir \u00fclkede ne kadar \u00f6nemli oldu\u011funu erken \u00f6\u011frendi. Rusya ve Sovyet tarihindeki \u00e7e\u015fitli d\u00f6nemlerde kullan\u0131lan baz\u0131 kavramlar\u0131 devlet ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in bir ulusal ideal olarak kutsad\u0131.<\/p>\n

\n

Gorba\u00e7ov, Rusya Devlet Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Vladimir Putin\u2019in sert muhalifiydi, onu gittik\u00e7e bask\u0131c\u0131 hale gelen bir rejim olu\u015fturmakla ele\u015ftirdi. Ancak Gorba\u00e7ov 2014\u2019te K\u0131r\u0131m\u2019\u0131n Rusya\u2019ya kat\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 getiren referanduma destek verdi ve \u201cK\u0131r\u0131m \u00f6nceden Sovyet yasalar\u0131, yani parti yasalar\u0131 gere\u011fince Ukrayna\u2019ya kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131, halka sorulmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u015eimdi halk bu hatay\u0131 d\u00fczeltmek i\u00e7in kendisi karar veriyor.\u201d dedi.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

PUT\u0130N\u2019DEN BA\u015eSA\u011eLI\u011eI MESAJI<\/strong><\/p>\n

Putin, eski Rus liderin \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn ard\u0131ndan yay\u0131nlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 mesaj\u0131nda \u201cD\u00fcnya tarihinin seyrine \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck bir bi\u00e7imde etki eden Gorba\u00e7ov’un \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc hepimiz i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck bir kay\u0131p\u201d ifadelerine yer verdi. Kremlin S\u00f6zc\u00fcs\u00fc Dimitri Peskov ise, Rus siyaset\u00e7inin \u2018Bat\u0131 romantizminin\u2019 yanl\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yledi. Gorba\u00e7ov\u2019un \u2018tarihe ge\u00e7ecek bir devlet adam\u0131\u2019 oldu\u011funu belirten Peskov, \u201cGorba\u00e7ov\u2019un Bat\u0131 konusundaki romantizmi yanl\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u201d dedi.<\/p>\n

Gorba\u00e7ov ayr\u0131ca, 1990\u2019da \u201cbug\u00fcn uluslararas\u0131 toplumun \u00f6nemli k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 karakterize eden bar\u0131\u015f s\u00fcrecindeki \u00f6nc\u00fc rol\u00fc nedeniyle\u201d Nobel Bar\u0131\u015f \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc\u2019ne lay\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ruslar\u0131n, ‘Bat\u0131 konusunda romantik tutuma sahip olmakla su\u00e7lad\u0131\u011f\u0131’ baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n hain hatta saf buldu\u011fu ancak tarihi de\u011fi\u015ftiren isim Mihail …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":34052,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[24],"tags":[734,6917,340,69,6955],"class_list":["post-34051","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-dunya","tag-devlet","tag-gorbacov","tag-lider","tag-rus","tag-sscb"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/haberulus.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/34051","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/haberulus.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/haberulus.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/haberulus.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/haberulus.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=34051"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/haberulus.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/34051\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":34053,"href":"https:\/\/haberulus.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/34051\/revisions\/34053"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/haberulus.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/34052"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/haberulus.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=34051"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/haberulus.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=34051"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/haberulus.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=34051"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}